Critical CSS is a technique used to get the above-the-fold CSS for an HTML page into the first 14kb window of the page request. This allows the browser to do a meaningful render of the content faster. The full CSS, i.e. the CSS for the whole page including anything above-the-fold, is loaded by the page later and hopefully cached by the browser.
Once the full CSS has been cached by the browser it will be available locally on all subsequent page requests. As a result it's much better to serve a page that references the cached file (via a link element) and avoid including the duplicate above-the-fold CSS. With the full CSS cached, the extra CSS won't increase the speed of the first render and constitutes a waste of transfered bytes, parsing, and possibly extra rendering passes.
This results in at least two pages for every URL. One page with the above-the-fold and full CSS for the first request when the full CSS is not cached, and one with just the full CSS for subsequent requests when it is cached.